Otolaryngologist

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Otolaryngologists require several years of general and specialized medical training. It may take more than a decade to become a certified otolaryngologist.

The first big step is to complete medical school. Five years of surgical training and a demanding certification process follow. And more training -- up to three years -- is necessary if you want to specialize in otolaryngology.

More than 80 universities in the U.S. offer residency programs in otolaryngology.

But otolaryngology is perhaps the most difficult and complex area of surgery, so competition for residency spots is fierce, says professor Johnna MacCormick. This is also true for fellowships, which are required if you want to work in an academic setting.